ECRITS DE PRISON

Résumé : En 1516, dans une Angleterre malade, Thomas More conçoit son rêve humaniste : l'île d'Utopie, une communauté civile régie par "la meilleure forme de gouvernement". Education du peuple, entraide, tolérance religieuse... il formule avec méthode les principes et les lois de cette cité nouvelle. Mais, loin de constituer une évasion vers un ailleurs idéal, cette Utopie est avant tout une réflexion sur les fondements éthiques et politiques d'une société juste et heureuse. De ce récit de l'île de Nulle-Part est né un genre littéraire et philosophique, un horizon vers lequel regarde encore l'humanité pour construire le progrès.

Résumé : " homas More à Pierre Gilles, salut ! Ce n'est pas sans quelque honte, très cher Pierre Gilles, que je vous en- voie ce petit livre sur la république d'Utopie après vous l'avoir fait at- tendre près d'une année, alors que certainement vous comptiez le recevoir dans les six semaines. Vous saviez en effet que, pour le rédiger, j'étais dispensé de tout effort d'invention et de composition, n'ayant qu'à répéter ce qu'en votre compagnie j'avais entendu exposer par Raphaël. Je n'avais pas davantage à soigner la forme, car ce discours ne pouvait avoir été travaillé, ayant été improvisé au dépourvu par un homme qui, au surplus, vous le savez également, connaît le latin moins bien que le grec. Plus ma rédaction se rapprocherait de sa familière simplicité, plus elle se rapprocherait aussi de l'exactitude, qui doit être et qui est mon seul souci en cette affaire. Toutes les circonstances, je le reconnais, mon cher Pierre, m'ont donc facilité le travail au point qu'il ne m'en est guère resté. Assurément, s'il m'avait fallu inventer ce qui suit ou le mettre en forme, un homme, même intelligent, même instruit, aurait eu besoin de temps et d'étude. Qu'on m'eût demandé une relation non seulement exacte mais encore élégante, jamais je n'y aurais suffi, quelque temps, quelque zèle que j'y eusse mis".

Résumé : Utopia (Libellus vere aureus, nec minus salutaris quam festivus, de optimo rei publicae statu deque nova insula Utopia) is a work of fiction and socio-political satire by Thomas More (1478-1535) published in 1516 in Latin. The book is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social and political customs. Many aspects of More's description of Utopia are reminiscent of life in monasteries. Utopia was begun while More was an envoy in the Low Countries in May 1515. More started by writing the introduction and the description of the society which would become the second half of the work and on his return to England he wrote the "dialogue of counsel", completing the work in 1516. In the same year, it was printed in Leuven under Erasmus's editorship and after revisions by More it was printed in Basel in November 1518. It was not until 1551, sixteen years after More's execution, that it was first published in England as an English translation by Ralph Robinson. Gilbert Burnet's translation of 1684 is probably the most commonly cited version. The work seems to have been popular, if misunderstood : the introduction of More's Epigrams of 1518 mentions a man who did not regard More as a good writer. The eponymous title Utopia has since eclipsed More's original story and the term is now commonly used to describe an idyllic, imaginary society. Although he may not have directly founded the contemporary notion of what has since become known as Utopian and dystopian fiction, More certainly popularised the idea of imagined parallel realities, and some of the early works which owe a debt to Utopia must include The City of the Sun by Tommaso Campanella, Description of the Republic of Christianopolis by Johannes Valentinus Andreae, New Atlantis by Francis Bacon and Candide by Voltaire. The politics of Utopia have been seen as influential to the ideas of Anabaptism and communism.[citation needed] While utopian socialism was used to describe the first concepts of socialism, later Marxist theorists tended to see the ideas as too simplistic and not grounded on realistic principles. The religious message in the work and its uncertain, possibly satiric, tone has also alienated some theorists from the work. An applied example of More's Utopia can be seen in Vasco de Quiroga's implemented society in Michoacán, Mexico, which was directly inspired by More's work.

Résumé : " Henry VIII. , the unconquered King of England, a prince adorned with all the virtues that become a great monarch, having some differences of no small consequence with Charles the most serene Prince of Castile, sent me into Flanders, as his ambassador, for treating and composing matters between them. I was colleague and companion to that incomparable man Cuthbert Tonstal, whom the King, with such universal applause, lately made Master of the Rolls ; but of whom I will say nothing ; not because I fear that the testimony of a friend will be suspected, but rather because his learning and virtues are too great for me to do them justice, and so well known, that they need not my commendations, unless I would, according to the proverb, "Show the sun with a lantern". Those that were appointed by the Prince to treat with us, met us at Bruges, according to agreement ; they were all worthy men. The Margrave of Bruges was their head, and the chief man among them ; but he that was esteemed the wisest, and that spoke for the rest, was George Temse, the Provost of Casselsee : both art and nature had concurred to make him eloquent : he was very learned in the law ; and, as he had a great capacity, so, by a long practice in affairs, he was very dexterous at unravelling them. After we had several times met, without coming to an agreement, they went to Brussels for some days, to know the Prince's pleasure ; and, since our business would admit it, I went to Antwerp. While I was there, among many that visited me, there was one that was more acceptable to me than any other, Peter Giles, born at Antwerp, whoisamanofgreathonour, and of a good rank in his town, though less than he deserves ; for I do not know if there be anywhere to be found a more learned and a better bred young man ; for as he is both a very worthy and a very knowing person, so he is so civil to all men, so particularly kind to his friends, and so full of candour and affection, that there is not, perhaps, above one or two anywhere to be found, that is in all respects so perfect a friend : he is extraordinarily modest, there is no artifice in him, and yet no man has more of a prudent simplicity. His conversation was so pleasant and so innocently cheerful, that his company in a great measure lessened any longings to go back to my country, and to my wife and children, which an absence of four months had quickened very much... ".