L'Utopie

Résumé : Chancelier du roi Henri VIII, Thomas More se désole des moeurs de son temps : corruption, abus, racket sont monnaie courante dans une société féodale sur le déclin. Il rêve d'un autre monde, une république exemplaire, où la propriété individuelle et l'argent seraient abolis et les citoyens gouvernés par la raison et la vertu... Publié en 1516, ce texte aux accents résolument modernes brosse le tableau d'une société anglaise décadente pour mieux introduire le lecteur à un univers débarrassé des faux-semblants et de l'injustice. Rêve de philosophe ou de fou, l'île d'Utopie fascine par son projet égalitaire, dont la réalisation est aussi séduisante que les dérives dangereuses.

Pamphlet virulent dirigé contre la société anglaise d'Henri VIII et construction imaginaire proposant en contrepoint l'image d'une société idéale, L'Utopie, publiée en 1516, est la célèbre contribution de l'humaniste chrétien Thomas More au débat philosophique sur les finalités du politique. Ami d'Érasme, dénonçant avec lui les égarements de l'Église et de l'État, More espère, en dressant le tableau de la cité idéale, rappeler à chacun, gouvernants ou gouvernés, la voie du Bien commun. L'inégalité des richesses et l'intolérance religieuse sont les principales cibles de sa critique. À quoi bon l'utopie ? À force de faire des concessions à l'ordre des choses sous prétexte de réalisme et d'efficacité la réflexion politique finit par perdre toute référence à l'idéal et aux valeurs. Une "utopie" (le mot inventé par More signifie, par ses racines grecques, "lieu qui n'existe pas") n'est donc pas une attitude naïve : symptôme d'une crise morale, elle est aussi et surtout une tentative pour renvoyer une société à ce qu'elle attend d'elle-même. Un rêve, oui, mais pour affermir la volonté politique. --Emilio Balturi

Résumé : " Henry VIII. , the unconquered King of England, a prince adorned with all the virtues that become a great monarch, having some differences of no small consequence with Charles the most serene Prince of Castile, sent me into Flanders, as his ambassador, for treating and composing matters between them. I was colleague and companion to that incomparable man Cuthbert Tonstal, whom the King, with such universal applause, lately made Master of the Rolls ; but of whom I will say nothing ; not because I fear that the testimony of a friend will be suspected, but rather because his learning and virtues are too great for me to do them justice, and so well known, that they need not my commendations, unless I would, according to the proverb, "Show the sun with a lantern". Those that were appointed by the Prince to treat with us, met us at Bruges, according to agreement ; they were all worthy men. The Margrave of Bruges was their head, and the chief man among them ; but he that was esteemed the wisest, and that spoke for the rest, was George Temse, the Provost of Casselsee : both art and nature had concurred to make him eloquent : he was very learned in the law ; and, as he had a great capacity, so, by a long practice in affairs, he was very dexterous at unravelling them. After we had several times met, without coming to an agreement, they went to Brussels for some days, to know the Prince's pleasure ; and, since our business would admit it, I went to Antwerp. While I was there, among many that visited me, there was one that was more acceptable to me than any other, Peter Giles, born at Antwerp, whoisamanofgreathonour, and of a good rank in his town, though less than he deserves ; for I do not know if there be anywhere to be found a more learned and a better bred young man ; for as he is both a very worthy and a very knowing person, so he is so civil to all men, so particularly kind to his friends, and so full of candour and affection, that there is not, perhaps, above one or two anywhere to be found, that is in all respects so perfect a friend : he is extraordinarily modest, there is no artifice in him, and yet no man has more of a prudent simplicity. His conversation was so pleasant and so innocently cheerful, that his company in a great measure lessened any longings to go back to my country, and to my wife and children, which an absence of four months had quickened very much... ".